Showing posts with label illness. Show all posts
Showing posts with label illness. Show all posts

Monday, July 6, 2020

The Possible Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm and Associated Mortality in COVID-19 Patients

Staff Writer, DL Mullan 
COVID-19 / Corona Virus / Vitamin C

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Abstract

Abstract Objectives To investigate the possible role of Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency via unregulated inflammation in COVID-19 complications and associated mortality. Design The time-adjusted case mortality ratio (T-CMR) was estimated as the number of deceased patients on day N divided by the number of confirmed cases on day N-8. The adaptive average of T-CMR (A-CMR) was further calculated as a metric of COVID-19 associated mortality in different countries. A model based on positivity change (PC) and an estimated prevalence of COVID-19 was developed to determine countries with similar screening strategies. Mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in elderly individuals in countries with similar screening strategies were compared to investigate the potential impact of Vit D on A-CMR. We analyzed data showing a possible association between high C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentration (CRP greater than or equal to 1 mg/dL) and severe COVID-19. We estimated a link between Vit D status and high CRP in healthy subjects (CRP greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/dL) with an adjustment for age and income to explore the possible role of Vit D in reducing complications attributed to unregulated inflammation and cytokine production. Data Sources Daily admission, recovery, and deceased rate data for patients with COVID-19 were collected from Kaggle as of April 20, 2020. Screening data were collected from Our World in Data and official statements from public authorities. The mean concentration of 25(OH)D among the elderly for comparison with A-CMR was collected from previously published studies from different countries. Chronic factor data used in regression analysis was obtained from published articles. The correlation between Vit D and CRP was calculated based on 9,212 subject-level data from NHANES, 2009-2010. Results A link between 25(OH)D and A-CMR in the US, France, Iran and the UK (countries with similar screening status) may exist. We observed an inverse correlation (correlation coefficient ranging from -0.84 to -1) between high CRP and 25(OH)D. Age and the family income status also correlated to high CRP and subjects with higher age and lower family income presented more incidences of high CRP. Our analysis determined a possible link between high CRP and Vit D deficiency and calculated an OR of 1.8 with 95%CI (1.2 to 2.6) among the elderly (age greater than or equal to 60 yo) in low-income families and an OR of 1.9 with 95%CI (1.4 to 2.7) among the elderly (age greater than or equal to 60 yo) in high-income families. COVID-19 patient-level data shows a notable OR of 3.4 with 95%CI (2.15 to 5.4) for high CRP in severe COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Given that CRP is a surrogate marker for cytokine storm and is associated with Vit D deficiency, based on retrospective data and indirect evidence we see a possible role of Vit D in reducing complications attributed to unregulated inflammation and cytokine storm. Further research is needed to account for other factors through direct measurement of Vit D levels in COVID-19 patients.

Read the entire article at Med Rx iv.


Source: Med Rx iv


Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of 2 cases

Staff Writer, DL Mullan 
COVID-19 / Corona Virus / Vitamin C

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Abstract

Purpose

Infection with COVID-19 potentially can result in severe outcomes and death from “cytokine storm syndrome”, resulting in novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) with severe dyspnea, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), fulminant myocarditis and multiorgan dysfunction with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation. No published treatment to date has been shown to adequately control the inflammation and respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19, apart from oxygen therapy and assisted ventilation. We evaluated the effects of using high dose oral and/or IV glutathione in the treatment of 2 patients with dyspnea secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia.


Conclusion

Oral and IV glutathione, glutathione precursors (N-acetyl-cysteine) and alpha lipoic acid may represent a novel treatment approach for blocking NF-κB and addressing “cytokine storm syndrome” and respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Read the rest of the report on Science Direct.


Source: Science Direct


Vitamin C Is an Essential Factor on the Anti-viral Immune Responses through the Production of Interferon-α/β at the Initial Stage of Influenza A Virus (H3N2) Infection

Staff Writer, DL Mullan 
COVID-19 / Corona Virus / Vitamin C

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Abstract

L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is one of the well-known anti-viral agents, especially to influenza virus. Since the in vivo anti-viral effect is still controversial, we investigated whether vitamin C could regulate influenza virus infection in vivo by using Gulo (-/-) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin C like humans. First, we found that vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week after intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (H3N2/Hongkong). Viral titers in the lung of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice were definitely increased but production of anti-viral cytokine, interferon (IFN)-α/β, was decreased. On the contrary, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-α/β, were increased in the lung. Taken together, vitamin C shows in vivo anti-viral immune responses at the early time of infection, especially against influenza virus, through increased production of IFN-α/β.

INTRODUCTION

Vitamin C is known as an essential anti-oxidant (1,2) and enzymatic co-factor for physiological reactions such as hormone production, collagen synthesis (3) and immune potentiation (4-6). Naturally, an insufficiency of vitamin C leads to severe injuries to multiple organs, especially to the heart and brain, since they are both highly aerobic organs that produce more oxygen radicals. In fact, studies of in vivo effect on vitamin C are difficult since most animals, except human and some primate, are capable of synthesizing vitamin C endogenously (7). However, Gulo (-/-) mice were recently developed by the L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (Gulo) gene deletion like human, thus they should be supplied with dietary vitamin C (8). It already has been reported that vitamin C concentration was decreased by 10~15% in plasma of the Gulo (-/-) mice without supplementation of vitamin C for 2 weeks (8). We also reported that vitamin C level was remarkably decreased in the most organs in the Gulo (-/-) mice without supplementation of vitamin C for 3 weeks (9).

In addition, we found that numbers of T cell was decreased in the spleen of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice (10). Even though it is thought that vitamin C shows its anti-viral or anti-tumor effects through the up-regulation of the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and tumor specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs), its related evidences in vivo are still unclear. The reason why it is impossible to investigate in vivo effect of vitamin C is that all of animals could synthesize vitamin C from glucose thorough the action of L-glunolactone-γ-oxidase (Gulo), as described above (7). However, we confirmed that vitamin C up-regulates NK cell activity through the regulation of activating/inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cell (our unpublished data). Since it is commonly known that vitamin C and NK cells are closely related to the prevention of common cold and the flu (11-13), we evaluated in vivo anti-viral effect of vitamin C and its related mechanism in Gulo (-/-) mice against influenza virus (H3N2/Honkong/1/68). First, wild type, vitamin C-sufficient Gulo (-/-) mice and vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice were subjected to intranasal inoculation of 20 hemagglutination units (HAU) of influenza virus, and then their survival was monitored. Interestingly, we observed that vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week, but all of wild type and vitamin C-sufficient Gulo (-/-) mice survived (Fig. 1B). However, the supplementation of vitamin C on a day after virus inoculation could not prevent the death of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice (Fig. 1B). It suggests that a sufficient amount of vitamin C is needed to prevent in vivo pathogenesis of influenza virus. Also, considering that H3N2 influenza virus shows a good circulation in humans and pigs as well as a slow antigenic drift in swine (14), we believe that the antigenic divergence between human and swine influenza virus might be increased. Therefore, our results shown in Fig. 1 suggest that vitamin C may effectively prevent severe or fatal damages in humans by the infection of influenza virus as well. To clarify the underlying mechanisms on the survival by the presence of the sufficient amounts vitamin C in the mice, we examined the viral titers in the lung of each experimental group. As shown in Fig. 2, viral titer in the lung from vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice was 10 to 15-fold increased, when it was compared with viral titer in wild type and vitamin C-sufficient Gulo (-/-) mice. However, when Gulo (-/-) mice were supplemented with vitamin C after virus inoculation, we could not observe a definite suppression of viral replication. This provides the importance of the vitamin C concentration at the initial stage of influenza virus infection. That is to say, damages through the replication of influenza viruses can be effectively prevented, when vitamin C concentration is sufficiently high at the initial stage of viral infection. If it is insufficient, however, the pathogenesis of influenza virus could not be prevented.

Read the entire report on the NIH's website.

Source: NIH

Monday, June 5, 2017

Friday, November 27, 2015

Movie Night: Legacy of The Westlake Nuclear Waste Landfill

Staff Writer, DB Holmes
Landfills / Nuclear Waste 
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On this edition of DTRH Popeye welcomes back to the broadcast Dawn Chapman of Just Moms STL (www.stlradwastelegacy.com/). The two of them have a very down to earth conversation about: The reality of what is going on currently with the landfill, and the ongoing underground fire at the regular waste landfill next door; What this reality means for the people who live there; The resistance at every government level that they have encountered while trying to get answers; The need for community wide action on the ground there; Some solutions to start with, and more. Throughout the broadcast they stress the point to the people in the area affected by Westlake that they are not alone and as isolated as it may seem. Tune into this powerful broadcast.

Source: DTRHRadioArchives

Monday, August 31, 2015

Mineral Water Can Remove Aluminum from the Brain

Staff Writer, DL Mullan
Aluminum / Brain
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There has been a dramatic increase in neurological diseases linked to aluminum toxicity. The blood brain barrier doesn’t stop aluminum’s intrusion into our gray matter. Aluminum accumulates and remains in tissue that doesn’t have a rapid cellular turnover.

Source: Real Farmacy

Tuesday, January 20, 2015

What Causes Cancer? - Doug Kaufmann On Know The Cause

Staff Writer, J.J. West
Fungi / Cancer
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Special Cancer Episode of Know The Cause Hosted by Doug Kaufmann with medical quotes and citations.

If you have a fungal infection or cancer, this episode is a must-see.

Source: Doug Kaufmann

Sunday, January 4, 2015

Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice

Staff Writer, J.J. West
GMOs / Scientific Study
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The aim of the study was to examine effects of the stacked GM crop NK603 x MON810 in different models of long term feeding studies. So far no negative effects of GM corn varieties have been reported in peer-reviewed publications. But the hypothesis, that effects after long term exposure might become evident in multi-generation studies has rarely been investigated. In this study three designs were used, including a multi-generation study (MGS), a reproductive assessment by continuous breeding (RACB) and a life-term feeding study (LTS), all performed with laboratory mice (strain OF1). The test diets differed only as to the inclusion of 33% NK603 x MON810 corn (GM) versus non-GM corn of a near isogenic line (ISO), both grown under identical conditions in Canada. The MGS also included one group with a non GM corn cultivated in Austria (A REF). All corn varieties used in the MGS and LTS were harvested in 2005, the transgenic and isogenic corn for the RACB were harvested in Canada in 2007. No Austrian corn was used in this case. In the MGS microscopic and ultrastructural investigations were performed to detect changes at the organ and cell level. Gene expression patterns were compared by micro array expression profiles of the intestine as feed-animal interface and by real time PCR. The results of the MGS showed no statistically significant differences concerning parental body mass. The number of females without litters decreased with time in the GM and ISO group, especially in the 4th generation. In the group fed with A REF corn fewer females were without litters, and accordingly more pups were weaned. The production parameters average litter size and weight as well as number of weaned pups were in favour of the ISO group. These differences were also seen in the RACB design and were statistically significant in the 3rd and 4th litters. In addition, the inter-individual variability was higher in the GM group as compared to the other groups. The LTS showed no statistically significant differences in the survival of 3 groups of mice fed the different maize varieties. In the MGS the continuative investigations revealed differences between the GM and ISO groups. The comparison of organ weights did not indicate directed dietary effects, except for kidneys. The electron histological investigation of the cell nuclei revealed differences as to fibrillar centres, dense fibrillar components and the pore density in hepatocytes. This could point to an effect of the GM crop on metabolic parameters. Immunohistochemistry revealed no systematic differences in CD3, CD20 positive cells and macrophages in gut tissue. The microarrays showed differences between the feeding groups. When the data of both non-GM feeding groups from MGS were combined and compared to the GM feeding group, the discrimination became more evident. Analyses of metabolic pathways indicated, that the groups differed regarding some important pathways, including interleukin signalling pathway, cholesterol biosynthesis and protein metabolism. Summarizing the findings of this study it can be concluded, that multi-generation studies, especially based on the RACB design are well suited to reveal differences between feeds. The RACB trial showed time related negative reproductive effects of the GM maize under the given experimental conditions. The RACB trial with its specific design with the repeated use of the parental generation is a demanding biological factor for the maternal organism. Compared to the findings in the RACB trials it can be assumed that the physiological stress was considerably lower in the MGS trial. The trial design of using “new” parental generations instead of continuous breeding with the same generation has to be considered as being obviously less demanding. This might have masked the impact of dietary Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice factors on reproductive performance. However, this part of the experiment is valuable as such because it underlines the need for different experimental designs for the assessment of dietary effects that have an unknown impact on animals. The outcome of this study suggests that future studies on the safety of GM feed and food should include reproduction studies. Physiological and genomic traits and depending on the nature of the genetic modification proteomic and metabolomic methods might be taken into consideration as additional tools to the tests performed in this study.

Source: .Biosicherheit

Thursday, October 30, 2014

Fluoride Combines with Aluminum to Create Toxicity

Staff Writer, J.J. West
Health / Heavy Metal Poisoning 
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Two important articles on this webpage are: 
  
Promoters of fluoridation can no longer get away with the "unequivocal statement" that fluoride is a "free ion" in water", OR that "it completely dissociates and doesn't react with other minerals in drinking water."

Following the Varner, et al aluminium fluoride studies in which 80% of the experimental rats died before the end of the experiment the United States Environmental Protection Agency was sufficiently alarmed to push the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to do further research.

Varner and associates appear to have found TOXIC SYNERGISTIC ACTION between FLUORIDE and ALUMINIUM in drinking water. This has now been made a part of PUBLIC RECORD in the US FEDERAL REGISTER as of December 4, 2000.
This study confirms what the authors of a 1995 study, published in the Journal Neurotoxicology and Teratology, predicted when they found fluoride-induced behavioural disruptions (related to drug-induced hypeide-fed rats, damage could be expected in the hippocampus of the brain (central processor which integrates inputs from the environment, memory, etc.). The new study also confirms the work of scientists in China, published in 1996, which showed fluoride to adversely affect children's IQ.
When will Phoenix become a fluoride free water system?


Source: ActionPA 

The Age of Aluminium

Staff Writer, DB Holmes
Disease / Aluminum 
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Drugs, water, toothpaste and many other home use products have Aluminium in them. So how is it manufactured and what damage can it cause to mankind?


Source: Youtube

Thursday, October 23, 2014

Congress Admits It's Too Stupid to Label GMO's

Staff Writer, Nicole Meyer-Greene
GMO's / Food Industry
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GMO's, or genetically modified organisms, in the past few decades have been pushed on the American public in secret. Education from large biotech and chemical companies has been nonexistent as well as independent, third party safety studies. All these trade protections have led to a major push back from consumers who see an increase in illness and diseases since GMO's have proliferated the grocery isles. Consumers want answers, labeling, and control over their bodies.

Politicians and big corporations do not see how Americans can be educated about something as clandestine as GMO's and that is the reason why Americans are too ignorant to have information such as food labeling. 

Congress held a hearing about GMO labeling and concluded with its skewed witness testimony that Americans are just too ignorant and stupid to understand GMO's or labels for them.

That is not an accurate summation but Congress and GMO advocates still believe you are stupid:















Really? It sounds like Congress is the one that is stupid. Let's talk about Congressional ignorance on the subject of GMO's: 
1. There is no consensus on GM food safety
2. There are no epidemiological studies investigating potential effects of GM food consumption on human health
3. Claims that scientific and governmental bodies endorse GMO safety are exaggerated or inaccurate
4. EU research project does not provide reliable evidence of GM food safety
5. List of several hundred studies does not show GM food safety
6. There is no consensus on the environmental risks of GM crops
7. International agreements show widespread recognition of risks posed by GM foods and crops
What are the facts about GMO crops?
Over 80% of all GMOs grown worldwide are engineered for herbicide tolerance. As a result, use of toxic herbicides like Roundup has increased 15 times since GMOs were introduced. GMO crops are also responsible for the emergence of “super weeds” and “super bugs:’ which can only be killed with ever more toxic poisons like 2,4-D (a major ingredient in Agent Orange). GMOs are a direct extension of chemical agriculture, and are developed and sold by the world’s biggest chemical companies. The long-term impacts of GMOs are unknown, and once released into the environment these novel organisms cannot be recalled.
 Or read, Dr. Mercola's article: Why GMOs Can Never Be Safe:
The truth is that studies of GM food have shown tumors, organ failure, gastric lesions, liver damage, kidney damage, allergic reactions and more.
What are the Myths of GM crops that Mainstream Media, Congressional witnesses, biotech companies, and Congress wants you to believe? Here's a list:
Myth #1: No one has ever proven that GMOs are harmful to people
The truth is that studies of GM food have shown tumors, premature death, organ failure, gastric lesions, liver damage, kidney damage, allergic reactions, and more.
Myth #2: GM crops are the only way to solve world hunger
The reality is that GM farming practices are not sustainable, which virtually guarantees future crop collapses and subsequent famine. Nor are farmers able to save their seeds due to patent infringement and poor fertility in the seeds. Sustainable agricultural practices are the answer to world hunger.
Myth #3: GM crops need less pesticide spraying
The truth is that after the first couple of years, the use of pesticides and herbicides on GM crops has increased dramatically.
Myth #4: GM technology is comparable to the cross-breeding that our ancestors did to create hardier versions of heritage crops
Cross pollination of different varieties of the same plant (what our ancestors did) is low-tech and can occur naturally. Genetic modification of seeds is done in a lab and often crosses different biological kingdoms, such as crossing a bacteria with a plant the unintended adverse effects of which may be incalculably large and impossible to ascertain before they are released into the biosphere.
Myth #5: If the FDA and the USDA allow them, they must be safe
Monsanto has close ties with the US government, such that, despite the obvious conflict of interest, Monsanto executives have been given policy-making positions in Bush, Clinton and Obama administrations.
Myth #6: There is no nutritional difference between GM food and non-GM food
A 2012 nutritional analysis of GM versus non-GM corn showed shocking differences in nutritional content. Non-GM corn contains 437 times more calcium, 56 times more magnesium, and 7 times more manganese than GM corn. GM corn was also found to contain 13 ppm of glyphosate, a pesticide so toxic that it may be carcinogenic in the parts-per-trillion range, compared to zero in non-GM corn.
Myth #7: GMOs are impossible to avoid
GM ingredients are found in more than 70 percent of processed foods, but you can largely avoid them by avoiding these processed foods. By switching to whole foods like vegetables, fruits, grass-fed meats and other basic staples, you can control the GM foods in your diet.
Myth #8: Monsanto has our best interests in mind
Monsanto has spent over half a million dollars on hiring a firm to help 'protect the Monsanto brand name' from activists. There is speculation that they have placed trolls on anti-GM Web sites, hidden posts from social media, and even possibly hacked researchers computers days before they were set to release a damaging study. There's even speculation that the US government is spying on anti-Monsanto activists.
Myth #9: GMOs are not harmful to the environment
On the Hawaiian island of Molokai, where a nearly 2,000-acre test facility for Monsanto sits, air and water quality are horrendous and there are reports of deaths, infertility, uncontrolled cross-pollination, bloody skin rashes, asthma and pesticide contamination in the groundwater.
Myth #10: GMOs are here to stay
Biotech wants you to believe that GM crops are here to stay, but a war is being waged against GMOs, and the resistance is gaining significant ground. By sharing information like this, we can fight back against biotech and the poisons they're releasing into our environment.
All this information that shows that GMO's need further research before the crops are sold to the American people are astounding. Why couldn't Congress do a search online and find out this type of information?

Because Congress is stupid.

Maybe it is about time people in Washington, D.C. stop listening to bribers and do right by the American people. Calling us ignorant or stupid means you cannot defend the poison that is GM food-like products.

If you would like to live GMO free, use this handy webpage of Verified Products to assist in living a non-GMO life. 

Vote with your pocket book and your vote. Get rid of Congresspersons who believe the American public cannot make health and wellbeing decisions without the consent of biotech companies. 

For more information on GMO's, here are some VDP Gazette articles on the subject:
Monsanto vs the Monarch: Why Destroy These Beautiful Butterfles? 


Sunday, August 17, 2014

Aspartame, It's Safe Because We Said So; No, It's Not

Staff Writer, Nicole Meyer-Greene
Food Safety / Politics
____________________________________

In a damning critique earlier this year, Professor Erik Millstone of Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex, showed how politics and not science rules food safety even in the UK.

His analysis, EFSA on Aspartame, January and December 2013, outlined how the EFSA misinterpreted or ignored data:
This document provides an outline critique of the recent publication by the European Food Safety Authority of its Scientific Opinion on the Re-Evaluation of Aspartame (E 951) as a Food Additive, on 10th December 2013 and an earlier draft assessment issued on 8th January 2013.
The central argument of my critique of the assessments of aspartame provided by EFSA’S Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), published firstly in January an then in December of 2013, is that the criteria by which the individual studies were interpreted were ‘consistently inconsistent’ and biased against consumer protection. The EFSA Panel opportunistically accepted at face value almost all of the studies suggesting that aspartame is harmless, while entirely discounting every single study indicating that aspartame may be harmful, even though the quality, power and sensitivity of many of the studies that were discounted were markedly superior to those of the contrary studies deemed reliable.
In Tables 1 and 2 below, I provide an analysis of the ways in which the ANS Panel’s reports of January and December 2013 interpreted two main categories of toxicological studies: namely those that did and those that did not appear to indicate that aspartame could be harmful to consumers. They provide estimates of the numbers of studies deemed reliable and unreliable, and the percentage of them that were variously commercially or non-commercially funded.
There are a myriad of studies that more than suggest that aspartame is not safe to consume.

Maybe the EFSA should read the documents coming from its own shores: Parliament is Right: Independent aspartame studies prove it's not safe. 

Or how about these studies:

Health Problem: Brain damage/Cognitive skills disruption/Retardation/Neurochemical changes in the brain/Behavioral and Mood Changes/Problems
  1. Year Published: 1970
    Full Reference: Brain Damage in Infant Mice Following Oral Intake of Glutamate, Aspartate, or Cysteine; Nature 1970;227-609-610
    Funded By: Washington University
    Conclusion/Findings: Irreversible degenerative changes and acute neuronal necrosis
    Hyperlink to Study http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5258/pdf/227609b0.pdf
  2. Year Published: 2008
    Full Reference: Direct and Indirect Cellular Effects of Aspartame on the Brain. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2008) 62, 451-462; P. Humphries, E. Pretorius, and H. Naude
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Excessive aspartame ingestion might cause certain mental disorders, as well as compromised learning and emotional functioning
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/aspartamebrain.pdf
  3. Year Published: 2007
    Full Reference: Life-Span Exposure to Low Doses of Aspartame Beginning During Prenatal Life Increases Cancer Effects in Rats, Morando Soffritti, Fiorella Belpoggi, Eva Tibaldi, Davide Degli Esposti, Michelina Lauriola; Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(9) Sep 2007; 115:1293-1297. doi:10.1289/ehp.10271. 
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Carcinogenicity proven a second time; with effects increased when exposure to aspartame begins during fetal life.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.10271
  4. Year Published: 1984
    Full Reference: Effects of Aspartame and Glucose on Rat Brain Amino Acids and Serotonin. Yokogoshi H, Roberst CH, Caballero B, Wurtman RJ. American Journal of clinical Nutrition. 1984 July, 40(1):1-7
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: High aspartame doses can generate major neurochemical changes in rats, especially when consumed along with carbohydrate-containing foods
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6204522
  5. Year Published: 1984
    Full Reference: Revelance of Animal Studies to Human Safety. Olney, JW. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. 1984; 6:455-462
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: Excitotoxins, as used in foods today, may produce blood elevations high enough to cause damage to the nervous system of young children, damage which is not detectable at the time of occurrence but which may give rise to subtle disturbances in neuroendocrine function in adolescence and/or adulthood.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6152304
  6. Year Published: 1996
    Full Reference: Increasing Brain Tumor Rates: Is There a Link to Aspartame? Olney JW, Farber NB, Spitznagel E, Robins LN. Journal of Neuropatholgy & Experimental Neurology. 1996 Nov; 55(11):1115-23
    Funded By: NIH
    Conclusion/Findings: Brain tumor incidence in the US implicates the introduction of aspartame into the American diet.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8939194
  7. Year Published: 2000
    Full Reference: Glutamate and Aspartate Impair Memory Retention and Damage Hypothalamic Neurons in Adult Mice. Cheol Hyoung Park, Se Hoon Coi, et al. Toxicology Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 2, May 19, 2000, pp. 117-125
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Found that aspartate shortens the memory response, impairs memory retention and damages hypothalamic neurons in mice
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCR-408BJC1-4&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F19%2F2000&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view
    =c&_searchStrId=1456058577&
    _rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=395a2fc9d4ef0ffceeea475146341607
    &searchtype=a
  8. Year Published: 2002
    Full Reference: Effect of Aspartame on N-Methyl-D Asparate Sensitive L-(311) Glutamate Binding Sites in Rat Brain Synpatic Membranes, AV Glushakov, DM Dennis, et al. Molecular Psychiatry, 2002, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 359-367.
    Funded By: University of Florida
    Conclusion/Findings: Shows that aspartate has a role in causing mental retardation, but the mechanism by which it does that is still unknown.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v7/n4/full/4000976a.html
  9. Year Published: 2006
    Full Reference: The Effect of Aspartame Metabolites on Human Erythrocyte Membrane Acetylcholinesterase Activity. Stylianos Tsakiris, Aglaia Giannoulia-Karantana, et al., Pharmacological Research, Volv. 53, Issue 1, Jan. 2006. pp. 1-5.
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Found that high concentrations of aspartame can cause neurological symptoms, including memory and learning problems.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129618
  10. Year Published: 2008
    Full Reference: Direct and Indirect Cellular Effects of Aspartame on the Brain, P Humphries, E Pretorius and H Naude, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 2008, 62, 451-462
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Asserts that excessive aspartame ingestion might be involved in the pathogenesis of certain mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR 2000) and also in compromised learning and emotional functioning.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v62/n4/abs/1602866a.html
  11. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Evaluation of Reactions to Food Additives: The Aspartame Experience. MK Bradstock, MK Serdula, JS Marks, RJ Barnard, Nt Crane, PL Remington and FL Trowbridge. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 43, pp. 464-469, 1986
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Identified some case reports in which the symptoms may be attributable to aspartame in commonly-consumed amounts. Headache, mood alterations (anxiety, agitation, irritability, or depression), insomnia, dizziness, and fatigue were the most frequently reported symptoms, with one case of a child in a double-blind test who became hyperactive after consuming products with aspartame.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/43/3/464 and http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/43/3/464
  12. Year Published: 1990
    Full Reference: Aspartame: Clinical Update, Potenza DP, el-Mallakh RS, Connecticut Medicine, 1990 Apr;54(4):235-6.
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Raises concern that so many reports of headaches, seizures, blindness, and cognitive and behavioral changes with long-term, high-dose aspartame have been reported that health officials need to be concerned.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2667892
  13. Year Published: 1993
    Full Reference: Adverse Reactions to Aspartame: Double-Blind Challenge in Patients from a Vulnerable Population. Ralph G. Walton, Robert Hudak, Ruth J. Green-Waite. Psychiatry. July 1, 1993. Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 13-17.
    Funded By: Dept. of Psychiatry Northeastern Ohio,Universities  College of Medicine and University Hospital of Cleveland
    Conclusion/Findings: Found that individuals with mood disorders are particularly sensitive to this artificial sweetener and its use in this population should be discouraged. In the clinical study, the project was halted by the Institutional Review Board after a total of 13 individuals had completed the study because of the severity of reactions within the group of patients with a history of depression
    Hyperlink to Study
    : http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/0006-3223%2893%2990251-8/abstract
  14. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Seizure and Mania After High Intake of Aspartame
    Funded By: Jamestown General Hospital, Jamestown, New York
    Conclusion/Findings: Case report of a woman who drank in excessive of 1 gallon per day of iced tea sweetened with aspartame, resulting in manic episode and seizure that led to hospitalization.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pdf_extract/27/3/218
  15. Year Published: 1991
    Full Reference: Effect of Aspartame and Protein, Administered in Phenylalanine-Equivalent Doses, on Plasma Neutral Amino Acids, Aspartate, Insulin and Glucose in Man, Svend E. Moller; Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vol. 68, Issue 5, pp. 408-412.
    Funded By: Clinical Research Laboratory, Denmark
    Conclusion/Findings: The study showed that the intake of aspartame in a not unrealistically high dose produced a marked and persistent increase of the availability of Phe to the brain, which was not observed after protein intake. The study indicated, furthermore, that Phe was cleared faster from the plasma after consumption of protein compared with aspartame.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122214234/abstract
  16. Year Published: 1994
    Full Reference: Effects of Diets High in Sucrose or Aspartame on the Behavior and Cognitive Performance of Children. Mark L. Wolraich, Scott D. Lingren, et al. New England Journal of Medicine, Feb. 3, 1994; pp. 330:301-307
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Reported that it is possible that there are some children who respond adversely to sugar or aspartame.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199402033300501#articleResults
  17. Year Published: 1985
    Full Reference: Loss of Intellectual Function in Children with Phenylketonuria After Relaxation of Dietary Phenylalanine Restriction, Margretta R. Seashore, Estelle Friedman, Robert A. Novelly P, Vijaya Bapat MD. Pediatrics vol. 75, No. 2, Feb. 1985, pp. 226-232
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Shows decrease in intellectual function in children with PKU who have phenylalnine introduced into their diets.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/2/226
  18. Year Published: 1987
    Full Reference: Aspartame Effects on Brain Serotonin, RI Wurtman, Letter in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1987 April; 45(4):799-803
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: Argues that using rodents to disprove aspartame’s harm to humans is not relevant, and that it reacts more negatively in humans than in mice
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/45/4/799.pdf
  19. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Acute Effects of Oral or Parenteral Aspartame on Catecholamine Metabolism in Various Regions of Rat Brain, Hidehiko Yokogoshi and Richard J. Wurtman, The Journal of Nutrition, November 1986
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: Found higher plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine ratios and other effects on the brain.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/3/356
  20. Year Published: 1992
    Full Reference: Aspartame Exacerbates EEG Spike Wave Discharge in Children with Generalized Absence Epilepsy, PR Camfield, CS Camfield, JM Dooley, et al;
    Funded By: Ontario Ministry of Health
    Conclusion/Findings: Neurology 1992:42:1000
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/5/1000
  21. Year Published: 1993
    Full Reference: The Effect of Food Chemicals on Cell Aging of Human Diploid Cells in Vitro Culture, Kasamaki A and Urasawa S, The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 1993 Aug; 18(3):143-53
    Funded By: Toxicological Sciences, 1993 Aug; 18(3):143-53. Sapporo
    Conclusion/Findings: Showed aging of cells when treated with aspartame.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8246307
  22. Year Published: 1994
    Full Reference: Neuropharmacological Evaltuation of Movement Disorders that are Adverse Reactions to Specific Foods Including Aspartame, John W. Gerrard, J Steven Richardson and Jeffrey Donat; International Journal of Neuroscience, 1994, Vol. 76, No. 1-2, pp. 61-69
    Funded By: University of Saskatchewan, Canada
    Conclusion/Findings: Shows that in susceptible individuals, certain foods or additives, including aspartame, can trigger movement disorders through an action on dopamine and other neurotransmitter pathways in the brain.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00207459408985992
  23. Year Published: 1995
    Full Reference: Effects of Aspartame on 45 CA Influx and LDH Leakage from Nerve Cells in Culture, Sonnewald U, Unsgard G, Petersen SB; Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, 1995, Vol. 6, Issue 2
    Funded By: Research Council of Norway
    Conclusion/Findings: Showed signs of severe cell damage and other neurological events with aspartame.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/1995/01000/Effects_of_aspartame_on_45Ca_influx_and_LDH.23.aspx
  24. Year Published: 1996
    Full Reference: Increasing Brain Tumor Rates: Is There A Link to Aspartame? JW Olney, Nuri B Farber, et al.; Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Nov. 1996, Vol. 55, Issue 11
    Funded By: NIH
    Conclusion/Findings: Evidence implicates aspartame as a causative agent of high incidence of brain tumors in aspartame-fed rats.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://journals.lww.com/jneuropath/Abstract/1996/11000/Increasing_Brain_Tumor_Rates__Is_There_a_Link_to.2.aspx
  25. Year Published: 1998
    Full Reference: Formaldehyde Derived from Dietary Aspartame Binds to Tissues Components in Vivo, C. Trocho, R. Pardo, I. Rafecas, et al
    Funded By: University of Barcelona, Spain
    Conclusion/Findings: Showed that aspartame consumption may constitute a hazard because of its contribution to the formation of formaldehyde adducts.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.wnho.net/formaldehyde_from_aspartame.pdf
Health Problem: Headache/Migraines
  1. Year Published: 1985
    Full Reference: Aspartame: Possible Effect on Seizure Susceptibility. Wurtman, RJ. Lancet. Vol. 2, no. 8463, 1060 p. 1985
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: Woman who drank large amounts of Diet Coke and other aspartame-flavored beverages experienced headaches, nausea, visual hallucinations, and a grand-mal seizure.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=1354938&q=Aspartame%3A+Possible+Effects+on+Seizure+Suspectibility&
    uid=789675711&setcookie=yes
  2. Year Published: 1987
    Full Reference: The Effect of Aspartame on Migraine Headache. Shirley M. Koehler, Alan Glaros. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. Vol 28, Issue 1, Nov. 12, 1987
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Ingestion of aspartame by migraine sufferers causes significant increases in headache frequency
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119449495/abstract
  3. Year Published: 1998
    Full Reference: Aspartame as a Dietary Trigger of Headache. Richard B. Lipton, MD, Lawrence C. Newman, MD, Joel S. Cohen, MD, Seymour Solomon, MD. The Journal of Head and Face Pain. Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp. 90-92. Sept. 1998
    Funded By
    Conclusion/Findings: Finds that aspartame may be an important dietary trigger of headache in some people.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119429393/abstract
  4. Year Published: 1991
    Full Reference: Platelet Glycine, Glutamate and Aspartate in Primary Headache, D'Andrea, G., et al., 1991. Cephalalgia, Vol. 11, pp. 197-200.
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: High levels of these amino acids were found in patients with migraine with aura compared to normal subjects and other headache groups
    Hyperlink to Study: http://cep.sagepub.com/content/11/4/197.abstract
  5. Year Published: 1997
    Full Reference: Chewing Gum Headaches, Blumenthal, H.J., D.A. Vance, Headache, Volume 37, Number 10, pages 665-666. 1997
    Funded By: Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa
    Conclusion/Findings: Chewing gum with aspartame provokes headaches
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119166706/abstract
  6. Year Published: 2003
    Full Reference: The Diet Factor in Pediatric and Adolescent Migraine, Millichap JG, Yee MM. Pediatric Neurology, 2003 Jan;28(1):9-15
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Aspartame is one of the substances that trigger migraines in children and adolescents
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.drcordas.com/education/Headaches/1doc.pdf
  7. Year Published: 1994
    Full Reference: Aspartame Ingestion and Headaches: a Randomized Crossover Trial. S. K. Van Den Eeden, PhD, T. D. Koepsell, MD, MPH, W. T. Longstreth, Jr., MD, MPH, G. van Belle, PhD, J. R. Daling, PhD and B. McKnight, PhD, American Academy of Neurology, Neurology. 1994;44:1787
    Funded By: University of Washington
    Conclusion/Findings: This experiment provides evidence that, among individuals with self-reported headaches after ingestion of aspartame, a subset of this group report more headaches when tested under controlled conditions. It appears that some people are particularly susceptible to headaches caused by aspartame and may want to limit their consumption.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/10/1787?ijkey=4b59bcfcba6c01af70844762469ca00f7f358c5f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
  8. Year Published: 1990
    Full Reference: The Concept of Migraine as a State of Central Neuronal Hyperexcitability, KMA Welch, et all, 1990. Headache, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp 817-828.
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Finds that aspartate can cause migraine with aura associated with a state of central neuronal hyperexcitability
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1979655
  9. Year Published: 2001
    Full Reference: Migraine MLT-Down: An Unusual Presentation of Migraine in Patients with Aspartame-Triggered Headaches. Lawrence C. Newman, Richard B. Lipton, Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, Vol. 41, Issue 9, pp. 899-901
    Funded By: The Headache Institute, St. Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York
    Conclusion/Findings: Reports that aspartame may trigger headaches in susceptible individuals, and can worsen an ongoing attack of migraine.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120697481/abstract
  10. Year Published: 1988
    Full Reference: Aspartame as a Dietary Trigger of Headache, Richard B. Lipton, Lawrence C. Newman, Joel S. Cohen, Seymour Solomon, Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp. 90-92
    Funded By: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
    Conclusion/Findings: Reports that some patients with migraines reported aspartame as a trigger three times more often than those with other types of headache.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119429393/abstract

Health Problem: Increase in hunger, body weight, BMI
  1. Year Published: 1991
    Full Reference: Chen, L. N., and Parham, E. S. “College Students’Use of High-Intensity Sweeteners Is Not Consistently Associated with Sugar Consumption.” J Am Diet Assoc. 91(1991): 686–90
    Funded By: Department of Human and Family Resources at Northern Illinois University
    Conclusion/Findings: In a study of high-intensity artificial sweeteners performed on college students, there was no evidence that artificial sweetener use was associated with a decrease in their overall sugar intake. These results indicate that eating arti­ficial sweeteners simply perpetuates a craving for sweets, and overall sugar consumption is not reduced—leading to further problems controlling your weight
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2040783
  2. Year Published: 2005
    Full Reference: “New Analysis Suggests ‘Diet Soda Paradox’ – Less Sugar, More Weight.” UT Health Center San Antonio Press Release. June 14, 2005 · Volume: XXXVIII · Issue: 24
    Funded By: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
    Conclusion/Findings: In 2005, data gathered from the 25-year long San Antonio Heart Study also showed that drinking diet soft drinks increased the likelihood of serious weight gain – far more so than regular soda.
According to Sharon Fowler, M.P.H:
“On average, for each diet soft drink our participants drank per day, they were 65 percent more likely to become overweight during the next seven to eight years, and 41 percent more likely to become obese.”
Hyperlink to Study: http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat2.asp?newID=1539
  1. Year Published: 2004
    Full Reference: “A Pavlovian Approach to the Problem of Obesity,” Davidson, TL and Swithers Se, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 2004 Jul;28(7):933-5.
    Funded By: Department of Psychological Science, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University
    Conclusion/Findings: Found that rats fed artificially sweetened liquids ate more high-calorie food than rats fed high-caloric sweetened liquids. The researchers believe the experience of drinking artificially sweetened liquids disrupted the animals' natural ability to compensate for the calories in the food.
    Hyperlink to Study:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=933[page]+AND+2004/07[pdat]+AND+Davidson[author]&cmd=detailssearch
  2. Year Published: 1988
    Full Reference: Uncoupling Sweet Taste and Calories, Comparison of Glucose and Three Intense Sweeteners on Hunger and Food Intake. Peter J. Rogers, Jo-ASnne Carlyle, Andrew J. Hill and John E. Blundell. Physiology & Behavior. Vol. 43; Issue 5, 1988. pp. 547-552
    Funded By: Biopsychology Group, Psychology Dept., University of Leeds, Leeds UK
    Conclusion/Findings: Intense sweeteners can produce significant changes in appetite, with aspartame causing the most pronounced effects.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3200909
  3. Year Published: 1990
    Full Reference: Oral  Stimulation with Aspartame Increases Hunger, Michael G. Tordoff and Annette M. Alleva, Physiology & Behavior, Vol. 47, Issue 3, March 1990; pp. 555-559.
    Funded By: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia
    Conclusion/Findings: Showed that aspartame can increase the feeling of hunger
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2359769
  1. Year Published: 2010
    Full Reference
    : Gain Weight by “Going Diet?” Artificial Sweeteners and the Neurobiology of Sugar Cravings. Qing Yang, Yale Journal of Biological Medicine, 2010 June; 83(2): 101-108. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
    Funded By
    : Yale University
    Conclusion/Findings
    : Several large scale prospective cohort studies found positive correlation between artificial sweetener use and weight gain. When matched for initial body mass index (BMI), gender, ethnicity, and diet, drinkers of artificially sweetened beverages consistently had higher BMIs. Similar observations have been reported in children. Artificial sweeteners, precisely because they are sweet, encourage sugar craving and sugar dependence.
    Hyperlink to Study
    : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/?tool=pubmed

Other Health Problems: Multiple symptoms including retinal damage, disruption of odor-associated learning, miscellaneous toxicity problems, elevations in plasma, pre-term delivery, rise in serum methanol
  1. Year Published: 1985
    Full Reference: A Metabolite of Aspartame Inhibits Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. Grobelny D, Galardy RE. Biochemical & BioPhysical Research Communications. 1985: 128(2):960-964.
    Funded By: University of Kentucky
    Conclusion/Findings: Possibility exists that consuming large amounts of aspartame inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2986632
  2. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Serum Methanol Concentrations in Rats and in Men after a Single Dose of Aspartame," Davoli, E., et al., 1986. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 187-189
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Both treatments caused a temporary rise in serum methanol. Methanol is a highly toxic alcohol commonly found in automobile windshield washer solvent, gas line antifreeze, copy machine fluid, fuel for small stoves, paint strippers, and as an industrial solvent.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3957170
  3. Year Published: 1977
    Full Reference: Effect of a Dipeptide, Aspartame, on Lactic Acid Production in Human Whole Saliva. Y. Mishiro and H. Kaneko. Journal of Dental Research, 1977 56(11):1427
    Funded By: Nippon Dental University, Japan
    Conclusion/Findings: Aspartame affects levels of saliva lactation and pH levels. 
    Hyperlink to Study: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/56/11/1427.full.pdf
  4. Year Published: 2010
    Full Reference: Intake of Artificially Sweetened Soft Drinks and Risk of Preterm Delivery: a Prospective Cohort Study of 59,334 Danish Pregnant Women. Halldorsson TI, Strom M, Petersen SB, Olsen SF, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, June 30, 2010
    Funded By: Center for Fetal Programming, Division of Epidemiology, Statens serum Institute, Denmark
    Conclusion/Findings: There was an association between intake of artificially sweetened carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks and an increased risk of preterm delivery.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592133
  5. Year Published: 1987
    Full Reference: Effects of Oral Aspartame on Plasma Phenylalanine in Humans and Experimental Rodents, RJ Wurtman and TJ Maher. Journal of Neural Transmission, Vol. 70, Nos. 1-2, March 1987, pp. 169-173
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: Aspartame causes greater elevations in plasma phenylalanine than plasma tyrosine in humans.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.springerlink.com/content/l148w94568vt33hw/
  6. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Acute Effects of Aspartame on Systolic Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. P.J. Kiritsy and T.J. Maher. Journal of Neural Transmission, Vol 66, No. 2, June 1986, pp 121-128
    Funded By: Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Science, Boston
    Conclusion/Findings: Aspartame elevates blood and brain tyrosine levels, and cause neurochemical changes that lead to tyrosine-induced drop in blood pressure.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p33231m752721l5x/?p=41116b2cb5284004987aaa24f8a945c9&pi=37
  7. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Aspartame-Induced Uricaria. Anthony Kulczycki Jr., M.D. Annals of Internal Medicine. Feb. 1, 1986. Volv 104. No 2. pp. 207-208
    Funded By: Grant support NIH.
    Conclusion/Findings: Aspartame-induced urticaria confirmed by double-blind challenge.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.annals.org/content/104/2/207.extract
  8. Year Published: 1989
    Full Reference: Behavioral Assessment of the Toxicity of Aspartame, Mark D. Holder, Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, Vol. 32, pp. 17-26
    Funded By: Memorial University of Newfoundland
    Conclusion/Findings: Found that aspartame may have adverse effects when intrapeitoneally injected.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~msrazy/PDF/HolderPBB89.pdf
  9. Year Published: 1989
    Full Reference: Impaired Performance on Odor-Aversion Testing Following Prenatal Aspartame Exposure in the Guinea Pig, Diana L. Dow-Edwards, Louise A. Scribani and Edward P. Riley, Neuurotoxicity and Teratology, Vol. 11, Issue 4, July-August 1989, pp. 413-416
    Funded By: Dept. of Neurosurgery State University, New York
    Conclusion/Findings: These data indicate that aspartame exposure at 500 mg/kg throughout gestation disrupts odor-associative learning in 15-day-old guinea pigs.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2796897
  10. Year Published: 2006
    Full Reference: Aspartame Products as a Potential Danger to Infants, Children & Future Generations, Dr. HJ Roberts, director, Palm Beach Institute for Medical Research
    Funded By: No funding
    Conclusion/Findings: Aspartame causes a variety of disease in children including headaches, convulsions, unexplained visual loss, rashes, asthma, gastrointestinal problems, obesity, marked weight loss, hypoglycemia, diabetes, addiction (probably largely due to the methyl alcohol), hyperthyroidism, and a host of neuropsychiatric features. The latter include extreme fatigue, irritability, hyperactivity, depression, antisocial behavior (including suicide), poor school performance, the deterioration of intelligence, and brain tumors.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.rense.com/general70/duut.htm
  11. Year Published: 1986
    Full Reference: Plasma Amino Acid Levels After Single Dose Aspartame Consumption in Phenylketonuria Mild II Hyperphenylalaninemia and Heterozygous State for Phenylkeonuria. The Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 109, No. 4, pp. 668-671, October 1986.Benjamin Caballero, Barbara E. Mahon, Frances J. Rohr, Harvey L. Levy, and Richard J. Wurtman. M.D
    Funded By: MIT
    Conclusion/Findings: Plasma phenylalanine concentrations may increase to unacceptable levels when patients with PKU on phenylalanine-restricted diets consume aspartame-containing soft drinks or after loading doses of the sweetener
    Hyperlink to Study: http://wurtmanlab.mit.edu/static/pdf/673.pdf
  12. Year Published: 1985
    Full Reference: Aspartame-Induced Granulomatous Panniculitis. Nelson Lee Novick, MD. Annals of Internal Medicine., Vol 102, No. 2, pp. 206-207
    Funded By: Mt. Sinai Medical Center; New York
    Conclusion/Findings: This report describes the first confirmed case of aspartame-induced granulomatous panniculitis
Hyperlink to Study: http://www.annals.org/content/102/2/206.short
  1. Year Published: 1984
    Full Reference: Aspartame: Methanol and the Public Health. Woodrow C.Monte. Journal Applied Nutrition 36(1):42-54
    Funded By
    Conclusion/Findings: Consumption of aspartame sweetened drinks at levels commonly used to replace lost fluid during exercise yields methanol intake between 15 and 100 times normal intakes.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.dorway.com/wmonte.txt
  2. Year Published: 1989
    Full Reference: Excitoxins: A Possible New Mechanism for the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Retinal Damage, George H. Bresnick, Archives of Opthalmology, 1989; 107(3):339-341
    Funded By: NIH
    Conclusion/Findings: Reports that aspartame is a possible mechanism to cause retinal damage.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/107/3/339
  3. Year published:  1987
    Full reference: Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Normal Adults Administered Aspartame in Capsules or Solution: Lack of Bioequivalence, Lewis D. Stegin, L.J. Filer Jr,  E.F. Bell, and E.E. Ziegler, Metabolism Volume 36, Issue 5 May 1987, Pages 507-512
    Funded by: Supported in part by a grant-in-aid from G.D. Searle
    Conclusion/Findings: The data indicate different plasma phenylalanine and aspartate pharmacokinetics between aspartame in solution and capsule administration of aspartame. Peak plasma phenylalanine levels were significantly higher and were reached significantly earlier when aspartame was administered in solution than when it was administered in capsules. Administration in solution also produced a significantly higher ratio of plasma phenylalanine concentration to the sum of the plasma concentrations of the other large neutral amino acids. Similarly, peak plasma aspartate concentrations were significantly higher and were reached significantly earlier when aspartame was administered in solution.
    Hyperlink to study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3574137
  4. Year published: 1984
    Full reference: Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use, MK Bradstock, MK Serdula, JS Marks, RJ Barnard, NT Crane, PL Remington and FL Trowbridge, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, November 1984, Vol 43, 464-469
    Funded by: Division of Nutrition, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Centers for Disease Control
    Conclusion/Findings: In some case reports, the symptoms may be attributable to aspartame in commonly-consumed amounts
    Hyperlink to study: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/43/3/464

Health Problem: Seizures/Convulsions
  1. Year Published: 1987
    Full Reference: Possible Neurologic Effects of Aspartame, a Widely Used Food Additive; Timothy J. Maher and Richard J. Wurtman. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 75, pp 53-57, 1987
    Funded By: MIT and Federal Government
    Conclusion/Findings: Shows that aspartame can induce seizures
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474447/pdf/envhper00434-0053.pdf
  2. Year Published: 1991
    Full Reference: Interspecies and Interstrain Studies on the Increased Susceptibility to Metrazol-Induced Convulsions in Animals given Aspartame, L. Diomede, M. Romano, et al, Milan, Italy, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 29, Issue 2, 1991; pp. 101-106
    Funded By: Istituto di Richerche, Milan, Italy
    Conclusion/Findings: Showed that they are more susceptible to convulsions when given higher doses of aspartame
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2010138
Letters and Other Commentary from Health Sources
  1. Year Published: 1995
    Full Reference: Emerging Facts about Aspartame. Dr. J. Barua, Dr. A Bal. Journal of the Diabetic  Association of India. 1995; Vol. 35, No. 4
    Funded By: No funding
    Conclusion/Findings: Cites numerous studies showing dangers of aspartame
    Hyperlink to Study: http://basichealthinfo.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/5/9/425984/article-on-aspartame.pdf
  2. Year Published: 2004
    Full Reference: Aspartame: An FDA-Approved Epidemic, HJ Roberts, Palm Beach Institute for Medical Research.
    Funded By: No funding
    Conclusion/Findings: Cites thousands of consumer complaints to the FDA that include serious adverse events, that the FDA and CDC refused to acknowledge as substantive.
  3. Year Published: 1991
    Full Reference: Recurrent Vulvovaginitis Resulting from Heavy Dietary Use of Aspartame, Strathman I, The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 1991 Aug;36(8):572
    Funded By: No funding
    Conclusion/Findings: (This is a letter; title implies that vulvovaginitis was triggered by heavy use of aspartame)
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1941798
  4. Year Published: 1985
    Full Reference: Interaction of Aspartame and Carbohydrates in an Eating Disordered Patient. Ferguson A Jr. A Letter in the American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, Feb. 142(2):271
    Funded By: Not applicable
    Conclusion/Findings: Reports a clinical case where aspartame combined with carbohydrates causes headaches and other symptoms typical of elevated CNS level of tyrosine.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=162185
  5. Year Published: 1995
    Full Reference: A Health Alert: Emerging Facts About Aspartame, Dr. J Barua, Dr. A Bal, The Journal of the Diabetic Association of India, 1995: Vol. 35, No. 4
    Funded By: No funding
    Conclusion/Findings: This article summarizes a number of other people’s studies on aspartame.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://smfi.is/media/misc/article-on-aspartame.pdf
  6. Year Published: 1996
    Full Reference: Aspartame as a Cause of Allgeric Reactions, Including Anaphylaxis, Archives of Internal Medicine, 1996; 156(9):1027
    Funded By: Not known
    Conclusion/Findings: Letter arguing that aspartame should have been included as a causative agent of allergic reactions. Cites FDA 7,300-person database of complaints.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/156/9/1027-a
  7. Year Published: Updated April 23, 2008
    Full Reference: Is Aspartame Safe? From an FDA Q&A about aspartame
    Funded By: Not applicable
    Conclusion/Findings: While denying that aspartame is an allergen, the FDA says: However, certain people with the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU), those with advanced liver disease, and pregnant women with hyperphenylalanine (high levels of phenylalanine in blood) have a problem with aspartame because they do not effectively metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, one of aspartame's components. High levels of this amino acid in body fluids can cause brain damage. Therefore, FDA has ruled that all products containing aspartame must include a warning to phenylketonurics that the sweetener contains phenylalanine.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://answers.hhs.gov/questions/3011
  8. Year published:
    Full reference: Scientific Abuse in Methanol/Formaldehyde Research Related to Aspartame
    Funded by: no funding
    Conclusion/Findings: Exposes studies “proving” safety of aspartame as deceptive, erroneous, and based on industry research using outdated plasma methanol measuring tests. No date of publication.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://thetruthaboutstuff.com/pdf/%2847%29%20Scientific%20Abuse%20in%20Methanol.pdf 

Health Problem: Cancer
  1. Year published: 2010
    Full reference:Aspartame administered in feed, beginning prenatally through life span, induces cancers of the liver and lung in male Swiss mice. American Journal of Industrial Medicine December 2010; 53(12): 1197-1206
    Conclusion/Findings:The results of the present study confirm that [aspartame] is a carcinogenic agent in multiple sites in rodents, and that this effect is induced in two species, rats (males and females) and mice (males). Autopsies revealed a significantly increased risk of liver and lung cancer.
    Hyperlink to Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20886530
Perhaps, the EFSA did not have time to visit Mercola online for this list. 

With the health of everyone under their jurisdiction, shouldn't the EFSA had made the time?


Source: Erik Millstone

Thursday, February 13, 2014

Exclusive! Mass Deflection: Government Sponsored Eco-Terrorism Our Politicians Ignore

Staff Writer, DL Mullan
Photographer, DL Mullan
Geoengineering / Community Interest 
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Blue skies over Phoenix, AZ can be the most beautiful sight in the entire world. 

Then the planes come...











These lines are chemicals placed into the sky to block out the radiance of the sun.

The chemicals used are heavy metals amongst other poisons.


Our majestic sapphire skies are gone.

Stolen by people and companies that hide behind the government's secrecy and are ruining our weather, air, and way of life.


Why are Phoenix residents putting up with this type of eco-terrorism?

Maybe it's time to start asking questions of our leaders and demanding this aerial assault cease.

If you want more information, please read the VDP Gazette's article: Geoengineeing: One Arizonan's Battle Against Being Poisoned and see how dangerous this program is.


These photos are not for distribution at this time. Please do not share, but we would sure appreciate a link to our story. Thank you.

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Addendum

The spraying began again. Streaks can be seen in the moonilght against the aquamarine sky. When will this ever stop?


Additional information: U.S. Patents that Show the Government's Involvement in Weaponized Weather Modification, Geoengineeing: One Arizonan's Battle Against Being Poisoned,